The term "headache" is generally considered a common ailment, but its scope is quite extensive, ranging from ordinary headaches to severe migraines. Some fortunate individuals may have never experienced a "headache." Now the question arises: What is a migraine?
In common terms, a "migraine," also known as a "half-headache" (though not necessarily confined to half the head), involves not only severe head pain but also nausea, vomiting, and temporary visual disturbances in response to factors such as bright light, rapid flashes, or certain smells, significantly impacting one's regular life.
Migraines are often hereditary (genetic), meaning different individuals within the same family can be affected by this condition. If one parent has migraines, there's a 50% chance of it occurring in their children, and if both parents are affected, the likelihood increases to around 75%. Additionally, certain foods like cheese, chocolate, caffeine, and some beverages can trigger migraine attacks.
The causes of migraines vary among patients. In women, factors such as fatigue, mental stress, and seasonal effects can contribute to this pain. Lack of complete sleep, fatigue, and neglecting personal well-being are often precursors to migraine episodes. Moreover, migraines can be linked to mental disorders.
According to Western research, approximately 12% of individuals experience headaches, and this percentage may increase over time. Migraines are more prevalent in women compared to men (2 to 3 times more). Typically, migraines occur in individuals around the age of 24-25. In Pakistan, an estimated four crore people or more suffer from migraines. Approximately one in every five women experiences migraines.
A migraine attack begins when unusually active nerve cells send signals to the trigeminal nerve (the nerve responsible for sensations in the face). This activates the release of a specific chemical in the brain called calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This chemical causes swelling in the brain's arteries, leading to the throbbing pain associated with migraines. Migraines are primarily neurological, and, therefore, medications that calm the nerves are commonly prescribed.
Symptoms:
Before or during a severe headache, individuals may experience fatigue, neck pain, increased appetite, and mood changes. Therefore, each affected person goes through migraines with varying qualities. Generally, a patient senses unusual fatigue or restlessness before an attack, followed by nausea or vomiting.
During this period, intense light may cause unbearable discomfort or blurred vision. These symptoms can last from a few minutes to several hours. Following these warning signs, a specific type of headache associated with migraines begins, involving pain on one or both sides, often escalating.
Another sign of migraines is pain at the back of the head, accompanied by high blood pressure. This headache persists and often starts in the evening, and continues through the night. It is a persistent ailment. After the attack begins, the pain can last from four to 72 hours, though six hours is the typical duration. If migraines occur frequently, with severe pain, and are not controlled by common pain relief medications, consultation with a family neurophysician is advised.
In some cases, to determine if headaches are due to another medical condition, doctors may recommend various tests. Keeping a diary of your habits and things related to your pain (such as increased sleep or exposure to the sun) will help you become aware of the quality and mood of your pain, providing insights into the causes. For example, some people may experience migraines due to excessive sleep, so maintaining a routine, including daily activities, can help control the underlying cause of migraines.
Some women also experience headaches due to bright sunlight. Therefore, precautionary measures can help prevent migraine attacks. For instance, consuming simple meals, drinking plenty of water, regular walking, exercise, and complete sleep help control migraines. Starting treatment early is more effective. If you frequently suffer from migraines, consult your healthcare provider or neurologist for appropriate advice on treatment.